Generate combinations that add up to a target value

JavaScript (ES6), 96 bytes

Takes input in currying syntax (list)(target).

a=>s=>a.reduce((b,_,x)=>[...b,...b.map(y=>[...y,x])],[[]]).filter(b=>!b.reduce((p,i)=>p-a[i],s))

Test cases

This would fail on the 2nd test case if 4.8 and 10 were swapped because of an IEEE 754 precision error -- i.e. 14.8 - 4.8 - 10 == 0 but 14.8 - 10 - 4.8 != 0. I think this is fine, although there may be a more relevant reference somewhere in meta.

let f =

a=>s=>a.reduce((b,_,x)=>[...b,...b.map(y=>[...y,x])],[[]]).filter(b=>!b.reduce((p,i)=>p-a[i],s))

console.log(JSON.stringify(f([1, 2, 1, 5])(8)))
console.log(JSON.stringify(f([4.8, 9.5, 2.7, 11.12, 10])(14.8)))
console.log(JSON.stringify(f([7, 8, 9, -10, 20, 27])(17)))
console.log(JSON.stringify(f([1, 2, 3])(7)))

Commented

a => s =>                 // given an array a[] of length N and an integer s
  a.reduce((b, _, x) =>   // step #1: build the powerset of [0, 1, ..., N-1]
    [ ...b,               //   by repeatedly adding to the previous list b[]
      ...b                //   new arrays made of:
      .map(y =>           //     all previous entries stored in y[]
        [...y, x]         //     followed by the new index x
      )                   //   leading to:
    ],                    //   [[]] -> [[],[0]] -> [[],[0],[1],[0,1]] -> ...
    [[]]                  //   we start with a list containing an empty array
  )                       // end of reduce()
  .filter(b =>            // step #2: filter the powerset
    !b.reduce((p, i) =>   //   keeping only entries b
      p - a[i],           //     for which sum(a[i] for i in b)
      s                   //     is equal to s
    )                     //   end of reduce()
  )                       // end of filter()

J, 32 31 bytes

(=1#.t#])<@I.@#t=.1-[:i.&.#.1"0

Try it online!

                  1-[:i.&.#.1"0         Make a list of all masks
                                        for the input list. We flip the bits
                                        to turn the unnecessary (0...0)         
                                        into (1...1) that would be missing.
                                        Define it as t.

(=1#.t#])                               Apply the masks, sum and
                                        compare with the target

         <@I.@#                         Turn the matching masks into 
                                        lists of indices

Python 2, 110 bytes

lambda a,n:[b for b in[[i for i in range(len(a))if j&1<<i]for j in range(2**len(a))]if sum(a[c]for c in b)==n]

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