Finite tilings in one dimension

JavaScript (ES6), 74 73 70 bytes

Takes input as an array of 32-bit integers. Returns a boolean.

f=([n,...a],x)=>n?[...f+''].some(_=>n&&!(x&n)&f(a,x|n,n<<=1)):!(x&-~x)

Or 66 bytes with inverted truthy/falsy values:

f=([n,...a],x)=>n?[...Array(32)].every(_=>x&n|f(a,x|n,n*=2)):x&-~x

Test cases

f=([n,...a],x)=>n?[...f+''].some(_=>n&&!(x&n)&f(a,x|n,n<<=1)):!(x&-~x)

console.log('[Truthy]')
console.log(f([0b1]))
console.log(f([0b111]))
console.log(f([0b1,0b1]))
console.log(f([0b11,0b111,0b1111]))
console.log(f([0b101,0b11,0b1]))
console.log(f([0b101,0b11,0b101]))
console.log(f([0b10001,0b11001,0b10001]))
console.log(f([0b100001,0b1001,0b1011]))
console.log(f([0b10010001,0b1001,0b1001,0b101]))
console.log(f([0b10110101,0b11001,0b100001,0b1]))
console.log(f([0b110111,0b100001,0b11,0b101]))
console.log(f([0b1001101,0b110111,0b1,0b11,0b1]))

console.log('[Falsy]')
console.log(f([0b101]))
console.log(f([0b101,0b11]))
console.log(f([0b1,0b1001]))
console.log(f([0b1011,0b1011]))
console.log(f([0b11011,0b1001101]))
console.log(f([0b1001,0b11011,0b1000001]))
console.log(f([0b1001,0b11011,0b1000001,0b10101]))

How?

f = (                       // f = recursive function taking:
  [n, ...a],                //   n = next integer, a = array of remaining integers
  x                         //   x = solution bitmask, initially undefined
) =>                        //
  n ?                       // if n is defined:
    [... f + ''].some(_ =>  //   iterate 32+ times:
      n &&                  //     if n is not zero:
        !(x & n)            //       if x and n have some bits in common,
        &                   //       force invalidation of the following result
        f(                  //       do a recursive call with:
          a,                //         the remaining integers
          x | n,            //         the updated bitmask
          n <<= 1           //         and update n for the next iteration
        )                   //       end of recursive call
    )                       //   end of some()
  :                         // else (all integers have been processed):
    !(x & -~x)              //   check that x is a continuous chunk of 1's

Jelly, 15 bytes

+"FṢIP
FSṗLç€ċ1

Takes a list of indices and returns a positive integer (truthy) or 0 (falsy).

Try it online! or verify most test cases.

Husk, 16 bytes

V§=OŀF×+ṠṀṪ+oŀṁ▲

Takes a list of lists of 1-based indices. Try it online!

Explanation

V§=OŀF×+ṠṀṪ+oŀṁ▲  Implicit input, say x=[[1,3],[1]]
              ṁ▲  Sum of maxima: 4
            oŀ    Lowered range: r=[0,1,2,3]
        ṠṀ        For each list in x,
          Ṫ+      create addition table with r: [[[1,3],[2,4],[3,5],[4,6]],
                                                 [[1],[2],[3],[4]]]
     F×+          Reduce by concatenating all combinations: [[1,3,1],[1,3,2],...,[4,6,4]]
V                 1-based index of first list y
    ŀ             whose list of 1-based indices [1,2,...,length(y)]
 §=               is equal to
   O              y sorted: 2