Dash instead of author name on first entry of even page in the bibliography

That's a pretty bad problem. Hopefully someone will come up with a way to fix it automatically once and for all. For now you could declare an entry option as a workaround, like this:

\documentclass{book}

\usepackage[papersize={140mm,210mm}, inner=26mm, outer=18mm, top=15mm, bottom=48mm]{geometry}
\usepackage[bibstyle=authoryear,citestyle=authoryear-comp,backend=biber,sorting=nyt]{biblatex}
\usepackage{filecontents}

\begin{filecontents*}{MWE.bib}
@book{AndoFisherSimon1963,
keywords = {Simon},
author = {Albert Ando and Franklin Fisher and Herbert A. Simon},
title = {Essays on the structure of social science models},
date = {1963},
publisher = {The MIT Press},
location = {Cambridge, MA},
langid = {english},
}

@article{HawkinsSimon1949,
keywords = {Simon},
author = {David Hawkins and Herbert A. Simon},
title = {Note: Some conditions of macroeconomic stability},
journaltitle = {Econometrica},
date = {1949},
volume = {17},
pages = {245--248},
langid = {english},
}

@book{HMMS1960,
keywords = {Simon},
author = {Charles C. Holt and Franco Modigliani and John F. Muth and Herbert A. Simon},
title = {Planning production, inventories, and work force},
date = {1960},
publisher = {Prentice-Hall},
location = {Englewood Cliffs},
langid = {english},
}

@book{MarchSimon1958,
keywords = {Simon},
author = {James G. March and Herbert A. Simon},
title = {Organizations},
date = {1958},
publisher = {John Wiley and Sons},
location = {New York},
langid = {english},
}

@book{NewellSimon1972,
keywords = {Simon},
author = {Allen Newell and Herbert A. Simon},
title = {Human problem solving},
date = {1972},
publisher = {Prentice-Hall},
location = {Englewood Cliffs, NJ},
langid = {english},
}

@book{Simon1947,
keywords = {Simon},
author = {Herbert A. Simon},
title = {Administrative behavior},
date = {1947},
subtitle = {A study of decision-making processes in administrative organization},
edition = {1\textsuperscript{st} ed.},
publisher = {The Macmillan Company},
location = {New York},
langid = {english},
}

@article{Simon1952,
keywords = {Simon},
author = {Herbert A. Simon},
title = {On the definition of the causal relation},
journaltitle = {Journal of Philosophy},
date = {1952},
volume = {49},
month = {July 31},
pages = {517-528},
addendum = {Reimpresso em \textcite[50--61]{Simon1957}},
langid = {english},
}

@book{Simon1957,
keywords = {Simon},
author = {Herbert A. Simon},
title = {Models of man, social and rational},
date = {1957},
subtitle = {Mathematical essays on rational human behavior in a social setting},
publisher = {John Wiley and Sons},
location = {New York},
langid = {english},
}

@inbook{Simon1953a,
keywords = {Simon},
author = {Herbert A. Simon},
title = {Causal ordering and identifiability},
booktitle = {Studies in econometric method},
date = {1953},
editor = {W. C. Hood and J. C. Koopmas},
publisher = {Wiley},
location = {New York},
addendum = {Reimpresso em \textcite[10--36]{Simon1957}},
langid = {english},
}

@article{Simon1953b,
keywords = {Simon},
author = {Herbert A. Simon},
title = {Notes on the observation and measurement of political power},
journaltitle = {Journal of Politics},
date = {1953},
volume = {15},
month = {November},
pages = {500--516},
addendum = {Reimpresso em \textcite[62--78]{Simon1957}},
langid = {english},
options = {repeatauthor},
}

@article{Simon1954a,
keywords = {Simon},
author = {Herbert A. Simon},
title = {Spurious correlation: a causal interpretation},
journaltitle = {Journal of the American Statistical Association},
date = {1954},
volume = {49},
month = {September},
pages = {467--479},
addendum = {Reimpresso em \textcite[37--49]{Simon1957}},
langid = {english},
}
\end{filecontents*}

\addbibresource{MWE.bib}

\newtoggle{repeatauthor}%
\DeclareEntryOption[boolean]{repeatauthor}[true]{%
  \settoggle{repeatauthor}{#1}}%

\makeatletter
\renewbibmacro*{bbx:dashcheck}[2]{%
  \ifboolexpr{
    test {\iffieldequals{fullhash}{\bbx@lasthash}}
    and
    not test \iffirstonpage
    and
    not test {\iftoggle{repeatauthor}}
    and
    (
       not bool {bbx@inset}
       or
       test {\iffieldequalstr{entrysetcount}{1}}
    )
  }
    {#1}
    {#2}}
\makeatother

\begin{document}

\nocite{*}

\chapter*{Referências\markboth{\MakeUppercase{Referências}}{}}
\printbibliography[heading=subbibintoc,title={Trabalhos de Herbert A.\ Simon}, keyword=Simon]

\end{document}

I declared a new repeatauthor entry option and redefined bbx:dashcheck to consider that when deciding if it should show the dash or not. Then you can use options = {repeatauthor} in specific entries to, well, repeat the author, instead of showing the dash. It's not a great solution, since you'll have to check each page to see if the problem happens and then add the option to the relevant entries… and then if you add a new entry you'll have to check every page again, because it might change the whole thing. But it's better than nothing for now.