CPU temperature embedded in Bash command prompt

Yes, it is possible, but the details depend on your system. In most cases, the command sensors should show it.

1. Install the necessary package

   sudo apt-get install lm-sensors
   

2. Run sensors-detect and follow the prompts

   sudo sensors-detect
   

3. Install any extra drivers if sensors-detect tells you to.

4. Run sensors to make sure it works

   $ sensors
   acpitz-virtual-0
   Adapter: Virtual device
   temp1:        +27.8°C  (crit = +110.0°C)
   temp2:        +29.8°C  (crit = +110.0°C)
   
   coretemp-isa-0000
   Adapter: ISA adapter
   Physical id 0:  +63.0°C  (high = +105.0°C, crit = +105.0°C)
   Core 0:         +62.0°C  (high = +105.0°C, crit = +105.0°C)
   Core 1:         +63.0°C  (high = +105.0°C, crit = +105.0°C)
   
   nct6776-isa-0a00
   Adapter: ISA adapter
   Vcore:                  +1.86 V  (min =  +0.00 V, max =  +1.74 V)  ALARM
   in1:                    +1.36 V  (min =  +0.00 V, max =  +0.00 V)  ALARM
   AVCC:                   +3.33 V  (min =  +2.98 V, max =  +3.63 V)
   +3.3V:                  +3.33 V  (min =  +2.98 V, max =  +3.63 V)
   in4:                    +1.01 V  (min =  +0.00 V, max =  +0.00 V)  ALARM
   in5:                    +0.00 V  (min =  +0.00 V, max =  +0.00 V)
   in6:                    +0.21 V  (min =  +0.00 V, max =  +0.00 V)  ALARM
   3VSB:                   +3.31 V  (min =  +2.98 V, max =  +3.63 V)
   Vbat:                   +3.18 V  (min =  +2.70 V, max =  +3.63 V)
   fan1:                     0 RPM  (min =    0 RPM)
   fan2:                  3292 RPM  (min =    0 RPM)
   SYSTIN:                  +0.0°C  (high =  +0.0°C, hyst =  +0.0°C)  sensor = thermistor
   CPUTIN:                 +51.0°C  (high = +80.0°C, hyst = +75.0°C)  sensor = CPU diode
   AUXTIN:                  +0.0°C  (high = +80.0°C, hyst = +75.0°C)  sensor = CPU diode
   PCH_CHIP_CPU_MAX_TEMP:  +58.0°C  (high = +80.0°C, hyst = +75.0°C)
   PECI Agent 0:           +60.0°C  (high = +80.0°C, hyst = +75.0°C)
                                    (crit = +105.0°C)
   PCH_CHIP_TEMP:           +0.0°C  
   PCH_CPU_TEMP:            +0.0°C  
   intrusion0:            OK
   intrusion1:            OK
   beep_enable:           disabled
   

5. Parse the output to get only the CPU temperature.

   As you can see above, the output on my system is different than yours. However, the line we care about here is the same. You can get the CPU temperature with:

   $ sensors | grep -oP 'Physical.*?\+\K[0-9.]+'
   63.0
   

6. Edit your ~/.bashrc (or equivalent file if you're using another shell) and add a function that runs the command above:

   show_temp(){
       sensors | grep -oP 'Physical.*?\+\K[0-9.]+'
   }
   

7. Use the function in your prompt. For example:

   PS1="\u@\h $(show_temp) $ "
   

Install lm-sensors:

sudo apt-get install lm-sensors

Detect what sensors are available:

sudo sensors-detect

To show the temperature:

sensors