Converting large numbers from binary to decimal and back in JavaScript

As noted in Andrew L.'s answer, and by several commenters, your largeNumber exceeds what JavaScript can represent as an integer in an ordinary number without loss of precision—which is 9.007199254740991e+15.

If you want to work with larger integers, you will need a BigInt library or other special-purpose code.

Below is some code demonstrating how to convert arbitrarily large positive integers between different base representations, showing that the exact decimal representation of your largeNumber is

15 798 770 299 367 407 029 725 345 423 297 491 683 306 908 462 684 165 669 735 033 278 996 876 231 474 309 788 453 071 122 111 686 268 816 862 247 538 905 966 252 886 886 438 931 450 432 740 640 141 331 094 589 505 960 171 298 398 097 197 475 262 433 234 991 526 525

function parseBigInt(bigint, base) {
  //convert bigint string to array of digit values
  for (var values = [], i = 0; i < bigint.length; i++) {
    values[i] = parseInt(bigint.charAt(i), base);
  }
  return values;
}

function formatBigInt(values, base) {
  //convert array of digit values to bigint string
  for (var bigint = '', i = 0; i < values.length; i++) {
    bigint += values[i].toString(base);
  }
  return bigint;
}

function convertBase(bigint, inputBase, outputBase) {
  //takes a bigint string and converts to different base
  var inputValues = parseBigInt(bigint, inputBase),
    outputValues = [], //output array, little-endian/lsd order
    remainder,
    len = inputValues.length,
    pos = 0,
    i;
  while (pos < len) { //while digits left in input array
    remainder = 0; //set remainder to 0
    for (i = pos; i < len; i++) {
      //long integer division of input values divided by output base
      //remainder is added to output array
      remainder = inputValues[i] + remainder * inputBase;
      inputValues[i] = Math.floor(remainder / outputBase);
      remainder -= inputValues[i] * outputBase;
      if (inputValues[i] == 0 && i == pos) {
        pos++;
      }
    }
    outputValues.push(remainder);
  }
  outputValues.reverse(); //transform to big-endian/msd order
  return formatBigInt(outputValues, outputBase);
}

var largeNumber =
  '1101001101011010000101001111101001011101' + 
  '1111000010010111000111110011111011111000' +
  '0011000001100000110000011001110101001110' +
  '1010111010001000101101010111001111000001' +
  '1000001100000110000011001001100000110000' +
  '0110000011000001100001110000111000001100' +
  '0001100000110000011000001100001010110001' +
  '1001110101101001100110100100000110000011' +
  '0000011000001100010011010111101100100010' +
  '1101000110101101010001100100111000111001' +
  '0100111011011111010000110001110010101010' +
  '0011110100100001011000010000011000010110' +
  '0001101111100001111000111011111001111111' +
  '1000100011110110101000101100000110000011' +
  '0000011000001100000110100111010101101011' +
  '0100111110100101001011110101100001110110' +
  '0110010011001001111101';

//convert largeNumber from base 2 to base 10
var largeIntDecimal = convertBase(largeNumber, 2, 10);


function groupDigits(bigint){//3-digit grouping
  return bigint.replace(/(\d)(?=(\d{3})+$)/g, "$1 ");
}

//show decimal result in console:
console.log(groupDigits(largeIntDecimal));

//converting back to base 2:
var restoredOriginal = convertBase(largeIntDecimal, 10, 2);

//check that it matches the original:
console.log(restoredOriginal === largeNumber);

If you're looking to transfer a large amount of binary data, you should use BigInt. BigInt allows you to represent an arbitrary number of bits.

// parse large number from string
let numString = '1101001101011010000101001111101001011101111100001001'

// as number
let num = BigInt('0b' + numString)

// now num holds large number equivalent to numString
console.log(num)  // 3718141639515913n

// print as base 2
console.log(num.toString(2))  // 1101001101011010000101001111101001011101111100001001

Helper functions

// some helper functions

// get kth bit from right
function getKthBit(x, k){
  return (x & (1n << k)) >> k;
}

// set kth bit from right to 1
function setKthBit(x, k){
  return (1n << k) | x;
}

// set kth bit from right to 0
function unsetKthBit(x, k){
  return (x & ~(1n << k));
}

getKthBit(num, 0n);  
// 1n

getKthBit(num, 5n);  
// 0n

setKthBit(num, 1n).toString(2); 
// 1101001101011010000101001111101001011101111100001011

setKthBit(num, 4n); 
// 1101001101011010000101001111101001011101111100011001

unsetKthBit(num, 0n).toString(2);
// 1101001101011010000101001111101001011101111100001000

unsetKthBit(num, 0n).toString(2);
// 1101001101011010000101001111101001011101111100000001

For convenience you may want to add this to BigInt if you're going to be serializing back to the client. Then you can read it back as a string. Otherwise you will get "Uncaught TypeError: Do not know how to serialize a BigInt" because for some reason Javascript Object Notation doesn't know how to serialize one of the types in Javascript.

    Object.defineProperty(BigInt.prototype, "toJSON", {
        get() {
            "use strict";
            return () => this.toString() + 'n';
        }
    });

BigInt is built into js

function parseBigInt(str, base=10) {
  base = BigInt(base)
  var bigint = BigInt(0)
  for (var i = 0; i < str.length; i++) {
    var code = str[str.length-1-i].charCodeAt(0) - 48; if(code >= 10) code -= 39
    bigint += base**BigInt(i) * BigInt(code)
  }
  return bigint
}

parseBigInt('11010011010110100001010011111010010111011111000010010111000111110011111011111000001100000110000011000001100111010100111010101110100010001011010101110011110000011000001100000110000011001001100000110000011000001100000110000111000011100000110000011000001100000110000011000010101100011001110101101001100110100100000110000011000001100000110001001101011110110010001011010001101011010100011001001110001110010100111011011111010000110001110010101010001111010010000101100001000001100001011000011011111000011110001110111110011111111000100011110110101000101100000110000011000001100000110000011010011101010110101101001111101001010010111101011000011101100110010011001001111101', 2)
// 15798770299367407029725345423297491683306908462684165669735033278996876231474309788453071122111686268816862247538905966252886886438931450432740640141331094589505960171298398097197475262433234991526525n