Compute OEIS A005434

Rust, n ≈ 660

use std::collections::HashMap;
use std::iter::once;
use std::rc::Rc;

type Memo = HashMap<(u32, u32, Rc<Vec<u32>>), u64>;

fn f(memo: &mut Memo, mut n: u32, p: u32, mut s: Rc<Vec<u32>>) -> u64 {
    debug_assert!(p != 0);
    let d = n / p;
    debug_assert!(d >= 1);
    let r = n - p * if d >= 2 { d - 1 } else { 1 };

    let k = s.binary_search(&(n - r + 1)).unwrap_or_else(|i| i);
    for &i in &s[..k] {
        if i % p != 0 {
            return 0;
        }
    }

    if d >= 3 {
        let o = n - (p + r);
        n = p + r;
        s = Rc::new(s[k..].iter().map(|i| i - o).collect());
    } else if n == p {
        return 1;
    } else if k != 0 {
        s = Rc::new(s[k..].to_vec());
    }

    let query = (n, p, s);
    if let Some(&c) = memo.get(&query) {
        return c;
    }
    let (n, p, s) = query;

    let t = Rc::new(s.iter().map(|i| i - p).collect::<Vec<_>>());
    let c = if d < 2 {
        (1..r + 1).map(|q| f(memo, r, q, t.clone())).sum()
    } else if r == p {
        (1..p + 1)
            .filter(|&q| p % q != 0 || q == p)
            .map(|q| f(memo, r, q, t.clone()))
            .sum()
    } else {
        let t = match t.binary_search(&p) {
            Ok(_) => t,
            Err(k) => {
                Rc::new(t[..k]
                            .iter()
                            .cloned()
                            .chain(once(p))
                            .chain(t[k..].iter().cloned())
                            .collect::<Vec<_>>())
            }
        };
        (1..t.first().unwrap() + 1)
            .filter(|&q| p % q != 0 || q == p)
            .map(|q| f(memo, r, q, t.clone()))
            .sum()
    };
    memo.insert((n, p, s), c);
    c
}

fn main() {
    let mut memo = HashMap::new();
    let s = Rc::new(Vec::new());
    for n in 1.. {
        println!("{} {}",
                 n,
                 (1..n + 1)
                     .map(|p| f(&mut memo, n, p, s.clone()))
                     .sum::<u64>());
    }
}

Try it online!

How it works

This is a memoized implementation of the recursive predicate Ξ given in Leo Guibas, “Periods in strings” (1981). The function f(memo, n, p, s) finds the number of correlations of length n with smallest period p and also each of the periods in the set s.

Just a simple brute-force search, to get the challenge started:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <string.h>

typedef uint16_t u16;
typedef uint64_t u64;

static u64 map[1<<16];

int main(void)
{
    for (u64 n = 1;; ++n) {
        u64 result = 1;
        u64 mask = (1ul << n) - 1;
        memset(map, 0, sizeof(map));

        #pragma omp parallel
        #pragma omp for
        for (u64 x = 1ul << (n - 1); x < 1ul << n; ++x) {

            u64 r = 0;
            for (u64 i = 1; i < n; ++i)
                r |= (u64) (x >> i == (x & (mask >> i))) << i;
            if (!r)
                continue;

            u16 h = (u16) (r ^ r >> 13 ^ r >> 27);
            while (map[h] && map[h] != r)
                ++h;

            if (!map[h]) {
                #pragma omp critical
                if (!map[h]) {
                    map[h] = r;
                    ++result;
                }
            }
        }

        printf("%ld\n", result);
    }
}

Compile with clang -fopenmp -Weverything -O3 -march=native. On my machine it reaches n=34 in 2 minutes.

EDIT: sprinkled some OMP directives for easy parallelism.