Choose from an existing set of weights to make a target sum

MATL, 29 28 bytes

4t:qEZ^!"[l2.5AX]@Y*10+G=?@.

For inputs that have no solution this produces an empty output (without error).

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Explanation

4           % Push 4
t:q         % Duplicate 4 and transform into range [0 1 2 3]
E           % Multiply by 2: transform into [0 2 4 6]
Z^          % Cartesian power. Each row is a "combination" of the four numbers
!           % Transpose
"           % For each column
  [l2.5AX]  %   Push [1 2.5 5 10]
  @         %   Push current column
  Y*        %   Matrix multiply. Gives sum of products
  10+       %   Add 10
  G=        %   Compare with input: are they equal?
  ?         %   If so
    @       %     Push current column, to be displayed
    .       %     Break loop
            %   Implicit end
            % Implicit end
            % Implicit display

Mathematica, 70 bytes

Select[FrobeniusSolve[{2,5,10,20},2#-20],AllTrue[EvenQ@#&&#<7&]][[1]]&

Anonymous function. Takes a number as input, and either outputs a list or errors and returns {}[[1]] if there is no solution.

Jelly, 22 bytes

4ṗạµ×2,5,10,20S€+⁵iƓịḤ

Try it online! or verify all test cases.

How it works

4ṗạµ×2,5,10,20S€+⁵iƓịḤ  Main link. No arguments

4                       Set the left argument and initial return value to 4.
 ṗ                      Take the Cartesian power of [1, 2, 3, 4] and 4, i.e.,
                        generate all 4-tuples of integers between 1 and 4.
  ạ                     Take the absolute difference of all integers in the
                        4-tuples and the integer 4. This maps [1, 2, 3, 4] to
                        [3, 2, 1, 0] and places [0, 0, 0, 0] at index 0.
   µ                    Begin a new, monadic chain. Argument: A (list of 4-tuples)
     2,5,10,20          Yield [2, 5, 10, 20].
    ×                   Perform vectorized multiplication with each 4-tuple in A.
              S€        Sum each resulting 4-tuple.
                +⁵      Add 10 to each sum.
                   Ɠ    Read an integer from STDIN.
                  i     Find its first index in the array of sums (0 if not found).
                     Ḥ  Unhalve; yield the list A, with all integers doubled.
                    ị   Retrieve the 4-tuple at the proper index.