Changing the suffix according to the figure number

This is a possible implementation using LaTeX3:

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[turkish]{babel}
\usepackage{refcount}
\usepackage{xparse}

\usepackage{multicol} % only needed for the test

\ExplSyntaxOn
\NewDocumentCommand{\turkishref}{sm}
 {
  \IfBooleanTF{#1}{\ref*{#2}}{\ref{#2}}
  \turksuf_suffix_get:n { #2 }
 }

\seq_new:N \l__turksuf_ref_seq
\tl_new:N \l__turksuf_ref_tl
\cs_new_protected:Npn \turksuf_suffix_get:n #1
 {
  \seq_set_split:Nnx \l__turksuf_ref_seq { . } { \getrefnumber { #1 } }
  \seq_pop_right:NN \l__turksuf_ref_seq \l__turksuf_ref_tl
  \turksuf_suffix:V \l__turksuf_ref_tl
 }
\cs_generate_variant:Nn \seq_set_split:Nnn { Nnx }

\NewDocumentCommand{\turkishsuffix}{m}
 {
  \turksuf_suffix:n { #1 }
 }

\cs_new:Npn \turksuf_suffix:n #1
 {
  \int_compare:nTF { #1 == 0 } { 'da } { \turksuf_nonzero:n { #1 } }
 }
\cs_new:Npn \turksuf_nonzero:n #1
 {
  \int_case:nnn { #1 }
   {
    {1}{'de}
    {2}{'de}
    {3}{'te}
    {4}{'te}
    {5}{'te}
    {6}{'da}
    {7}{'de}
    {8}{'de}
    {9}{'da}
    {10}{'da}
    {20}{'de}
    {30}{'da}
    {40}{'da}
    {50}{'de}
    {60}{'da}
    {70}{'de}
    {80}{'de}
    {90}{'da}
    {100}{'de}
    {1000}{'de}
   }
   {
    \turksuf_complex:n { #1 }
   }
 }
\cs_generate_variant:Nn \turksuf_suffix:n { V }

\cs_new:Npn \turksuf_complex:n #1
 {
  \int_compare:nTF { \int_mod:nn { #1 } { 10 } = 0 }
   { \turksuf_complex_ten:n { #1 } }
   { \turksuf_nonzero:n { \int_mod:nn { #1 } { 10 } } }
 }

\cs_new:Npn \turksuf_complex_ten:n #1
 {
  \int_compare:nTF { \int_mod:nn { #1 } { 100 } = 0 }
   { \turksuf_complex_hundred:n { #1 } }
   { \turksuf_nonzero:n { \int_mod:nn { #1 } { 100 } } }
 }
\cs_new:Npn \turksuf_complex_hundred:n #1
 {
  \int_compare:nTF { \int_mod:nn { #1 } { 1000 } = 0 }
   { \turksuf_complex_thousand:n { #1 } }
   { 'de }%{ \turksuf_nonzero:n { \int_mod:nn { #1 } { 1000 } } }
 }
\cs_new:Npn \turksuf_complex_thousand:n #1
 {
  \int_compare:nTF { \int_mod:nn { #1 } { 10000 } = 0 }
   { \turksuf_complex_tenthousand:n { #1 } }
   { 'de }%{ \turksuf_nonzero:n { \int_mod:nn { #1 } { 10000 } } }
 }
\cs_new:Npn \turksuf_complex_tenthousand:n #1
 {
  \int_compare:nTF { \int_mod:nn { #1 } { 100000 } = 0 }
   { \turksuf_complex_hundredthousand:n { #1 } }
   { 'de }%{ \turksuf_nonzero:n { \int_mod:nn { #1 } { 100000 } } }
 }
\cs_new:Npn \turksuf_complex_hundredthousand:n #1
 {
  \int_compare:nTF { \int_mod:nn { #1 } { 1000000 } = 0 }
   { \turksuf_complex_million:n { #1 } }
   { 'da }%{ \turksuf_nonzero:n { \int_mod:nn { #1 } { 1000000 } } }
 }
\NewDocumentCommand\test{m}
 {
  \int_step_inline:nnnn { 0 } { 1 } { #1 }
   { ##1\turkishsuffix{##1}\par }
 }
\ExplSyntaxOff

\setlength{\parindent}{0pt} % just for the test

\begin{document}
\begin{multicols}{5}
\test{300}
\end{multicols}

\setcounter{figure}{12}
\begin{figure}
\caption{X}\label{A}
\end{figure}
\figurename~\turkishref{A}.

1234\turkishsuffix{1234}\\
1320\turkishsuffix{1320}\\
1330\turkishsuffix{1330}\\
1000\turkishsuffix{1000}\\
1003\turkishsuffix{1003}

\setcounter{section}{1}
\setcounter{subsection}{3}
\subsection{B}\label{B}

Subsection~\turkishref{B}

\end{document}

I show only the last lines with the reference to the figure and the following test cases.

NOTE Support for "composite numbers" has been added. Moreover, one has \turkishref* that calls \ref* instead of \ref (of course hyperref is needed for this to work).

---

Here is a packaged version of the code. Save as turkref.sty in any place searched by TeX programs, for instance in

~/texmf/tex/latex/turkref/

on GNU/Linux systems or

~/Library/texmf/tex/latex/turkref/

for Mac OS X.

\RequirePackage{expl3,xparse}
\ProvidesExplPackage{turkref}{2014/12/11}{0.1}{Turkish suffix for ref}

\@ifpackagelater { expl3 } { 2012/11/21 }
 { }
 {
  \PackageError { turkref } { Support~package~expl3~too~old }
   {
    You~need~to~update~your~installation~of~the~bundles~'l3kernel'~and~
    'l3packages'.\MessageBreak
    Loading~turkref~will~abort!
   }
  \tex_endinput:D
 }

\RequirePackage{refcount}

% User commands
\NewDocumentCommand{\turkishref}{sm}
 {
  \IfBooleanTF{#1}{\ref*{#2}}{\ref{#2}}
  \turksuf_suffix_get:n { #2 }
 }

\NewDocumentCommand{\turkishsuffix}{m}
 {
  \turksuf_suffix:n { #1 }
 }

% Variables
\seq_new:N \l__turksuf_ref_seq
\tl_new:N \l__turksuf_ref_tl

\cs_new_eq:NN \turksuf_getrefnumber:n \getrefnumber

% Functions
\cs_new_protected:Npn \turksuf_suffix_get:n #1
 {
  \seq_set_split:Nnx \l__turksuf_ref_seq { . } { \turksuf_getrefnumber:n { #1 } }
  \seq_pop_right:NN \l__turksuf_ref_seq \l__turksuf_ref_tl
  \turksuf_suffix:V \l__turksuf_ref_tl
 }
\cs_generate_variant:Nn \seq_set_split:Nnn { Nnx }

\cs_new:Npn \turksuf_suffix:n #1
 {
  \int_compare:nTF { #1 == 0 } { 'da } { \__turksuf_nonzero:n { #1 } }
 }

\cs_new:Npn \__turksuf_nonzero:n #1
 {
  \int_case:nnF { #1 }
   {
    {1}{'de}
    {2}{'de}
    {3}{'te}
    {4}{'te}
    {5}{'te}
    {6}{'da}
    {7}{'de}
    {8}{'de}
    {9}{'da}
    {10}{'da}
    {20}{'de}
    {30}{'da}
    {40}{'da}
    {50}{'de}
    {60}{'da}
    {70}{'de}
    {80}{'de}
    {90}{'da}
    {100}{'de}
    {1000}{'de}
   }
   {
    \__turksuf_complex:n { #1 }
   }
 }
\cs_generate_variant:Nn \turksuf_suffix:n { V }

\cs_new:Npn \__turksuf_complex:n #1
 {
  \int_compare:nTF { \int_mod:nn { #1 } { 10 } = 0 }
   { \__turksuf_complex_ten:n { #1 } }
   { \__turksuf_nonzero:n { \int_mod:nn { #1 } { 10 } } }
 }

\cs_new:Npn \__turksuf_complex_ten:n #1
 {
  \int_compare:nTF { \int_mod:nn { #1 } { 100 } = 0 }
   { \__turksuf_complex_hundred:n { #1 } }
   { \__turksuf_nonzero:n { \int_mod:nn { #1 } { 100 } } }
 }
\cs_new:Npn \__turksuf_complex_hundred:n #1
 {
  \int_compare:nTF { \int_mod:nn { #1 } { 1000 } = 0 }
   { \__turksuf_complex_thousand:n { #1 } }
   { 'de }
 }
\cs_new:Npn \__turksuf_complex_thousand:n #1
 {
  \int_compare:nTF { \int_mod:nn { #1 } { 10000 } = 0 }
   { \__turksuf_complex_tenthousand:n { #1 } }
   { 'de }
 }
\cs_new:Npn \__turksuf_complex_tenthousand:n #1
 {
  \int_compare:nTF { \int_mod:nn { #1 } { 100000 } = 0 }
   { \__turksuf_complex_hundredthousand:n { #1 } }
   { 'de }
 }
\cs_new:Npn \__turksuf_complex_hundredthousand:n #1
 {
  \int_compare:nTF { \int_mod:nn { #1 } { 1000000 } = 0 }
   { \__turksuf_complex_million:n { #1 } }
   { 'da }
 }

Now the test document can be

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage[turkish]{babel}
\usepackage{multicol}
\usepackage{turkref} % <--- load the package

\ExplSyntaxOn
% Just for testing not needed in real documents
\NewDocumentCommand\test{m}
 {
  \int_step_inline:nnnn { 0 } { 1 } { #1 }
   { ##1\turkishsuffix{##1}\par }
 }
\ExplSyntaxOff

\setlength{\parindent}{0pt} % just for the test

\begin{document}
\begin{multicols}{5}
\test{300}
\end{multicols}

\setcounter{figure}{12}
\begin{figure}
\caption{X}\label{A}
\end{figure}
\figurename~\turkishref{A}.

1234\turkishsuffix{1234}\\
1320\turkishsuffix{1320}\\
1330\turkishsuffix{1330}\\
1000\turkishsuffix{1000}\\
1003\turkishsuffix{1003}

\setcounter{section}{1}
\setcounter{subsection}{3}
\subsection{B}\label{B}

Subsection~\turkishref{B}

\end{document}

This tweaks into the package fmtcount and provides the numeric ordinals for turkish language.

First, save the following code as fc-turkish.tex (for example, the name does not matter). The official name inside the package fmtcount would be different, but I don't want to use the official one since this is not an official file of the package.

\makeatletter
\def\@OT@do#1#2#3#4#5#6#7\@OT@enddo{%
\ifcase0#1 % ~0
  \ifx\relax#2\relax% 0
    \def\@OT@suf{da}%
  \else
    \ifcase#2 % ~00
      \ifx0#3% ~000
        \ifx0#4% ~0000
          \ifx0#5% ~00000
            \ifx0#6% ~000000
              \def\@OT@suf{da}%
            \else % ~x00000
              \def\@OT@suf{de}%
            \fi
          \else % ~x0000
            \def\@OT@suf{de}%
          \fi
        \else % ~x000
          \def\@OT@suf{de}%
        \fi
      \else % ~x00
        \def\@OT@suf{de}%
      \fi
    \or% ~10
      \def\@OT@suf{da}%
    \or% ~20
      \def\@OT@suf{de}%
    \or% ~30
      \def\@OT@suf{da}%
    \or% ~40
      \def\@OT@suf{da}%
    \or% ~50
      \def\@OT@suf{de}%
    \or% ~60
      \def\@OT@suf{da}%
    \or% ~70
      \def\@OT@suf{de}%
    \or% ~80
      \def\@OT@suf{de}%
    \or% ~90
      \def\@OT@suf{da}%
    \fi
  \fi
\or% ~1
  \def\@OT@suf{de}%
\or% ~2
  \def\@OT@suf{de}%
\or% ~3
  \def\@OT@suf{te}%
\or% ~4
  \def\@OT@suf{te}%
\or% ~5
  \def\@OT@suf{te}%
\or% ~6
  \def\@OT@suf{da}%
\or% ~7
  \def\@OT@suf{de}%
\or% ~8
  \def\@OT@suf{de}%
\or% ~9
  \def\@OT@suf{da}%
\fi
}
\def\@OT@rev#1#2\revA#3\revB{%
  \if\relax\detokenize{#2}\relax
    \expandafter\@firstoftwo
  \else
    \expandafter\@secondoftwo
  \fi{#1#3}{\@OT@rev#2\revA#1#3\revB}}
\newcommand{\@ordinalMturkish}[1]{%
  \@orgargctr=#1\relax
  \@ordinalctr=#1%
  \edef\@OT@str{\the\@ordinalctr}%
  \edef\@OT@str{\expandafter\@OT@rev\@OT@str\revA\revB}%
  \expandafter\@OT@do\@OT@str\relax\relax\relax\relax\relax\relax\@OT@enddo
  \the\@orgargctr\fmtord{'\@OT@suf}%
}
\def\ordref#1{%
  \edef\@OD@ref{\csname r@#1\endcsname\relax}%
  \edef\@OD@num{\expandafter\@firstoftwo\@OD@ref}%
  \ifx\@OD@num\relax
    \@orgargctr0%
  \else
    \expandafter\@orgargctr0\@OD@num
  \fi
  \@ordinalMturkish\@orgargctr
}
\let\@ordinalFturkish=\@ordinalMturkish
\makeatother

Then, you can use the package fmtcount with turkish. Test document:

\documentclass[12pt, oneside]{article}
\usepackage[turkish]{babel}
\usepackage[level]{fmtcount}
\input{fc-turkish.tex}
\def\fmtord#1{#1}
\begin{document}

\ttfamily

\section{First}

\section{Hello World!}\label{sec2s}

In \ordref{sec2s} section, there is a test of package functionality:

\raggedright\ttfamily

\ordinal{section}
\loop
\ifnum\value{section}<1000
\refstepcounter{section}
\ordinal{section}
\repeat

\loop
\ifnum\value{section}<100000
\addtocounter{section}{1030}
\ordinal{section}
\repeat

\setcounter{section}{0}

\loop
\ifnum\value{section}<1000000
\addtocounter{section}{100000}
\ordinal{section}
\repeat

\end{document}

I apologize for not commenting the code. I'm actually not sure how I would comment it. Part is taken from fc-english.def and another part is a bunch of tests to get the right suffix. Only a small note: the macro \OT@do is fed the number to be typeset, but written reversed, so the least significant digit is got as #1. The macro \ordref won't work with nested numbers (2 is ok, 2.4 is not).