Calculate the Kronecker symbol

Python 3, 747 369 335 bytes

As an example answer, only slightly golfed, and to give you an idea of what an answer will look like.

And yes, the prime factorization and run-length-encoding bits are cribbed from Pyth with apologies to isaacg.

from itertools import*
def k(d,r):
 if d<0:a=-d;m=1
 else:a=d;m=0
 if r==1:return 1
 p=1;w=r;n=2;f=[]
 while n*n<=w:
  while w%n<1:w//=n;f+=n,
  n+=1
 if w>1:f+=w,
 z=[[k,len(list(g))]for k,g in groupby(f)]
 for i,j in z:
  if i==2:p*=pow(-1,(a*a-1)//8)
  x=pow(a,(i-1)//2,i)
  if x>1:x-=i
  p*=x**j
 if m:p*=pow(-1,(r-1)//2)
 return p

LabVIEW, 44 Bytes LabVIEW Primitives

Since its symetrical i swapped the inputs if a was bigger than b.

Represents the real formula now

counting like always according to

for true case

Mathematica, 169 175 165 bytes

(1|-1)~k~0=_~k~1=1
_~k~0=0
a_~k~-1=If[a<0,-1,1]
a_~k~2=DirichletCharacter[8,2,a]
a_~k~p_/;PrimeQ@p=Mod[a^((p-1)/2),p,-1]
a_~k~b_:=1##&@@(a~k~#^#2&@@@FactorInteger@b)