Benefits of vector<char> over string?

Aside from readability (which should not be underestimated) I can think of a couple of minor performance/memory issues with using std::string over std::vector:

• Some modern std::string implementations use the small string optimization. If you are storing data that's larger than the string's internal buffer, it becomes a pessimization, reducing the efficiency of copying, moving, and swap¹ and increasing the sizeof() for no benefit.

• An efficient std::string implementation will always allocate at least 1 more byte than the current size for storing a terminating null (not doing so requires extra logic in operator[] to cope with str[size()]).

I should stress that both of these issues are very minor; the performance cost of them will more than likely be lost in the background noise. But you did ask.

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¹Those operations require branching on size() if the small string optimization is being used, whereas they don't in a good std::vector implementation.