arm-linux-gnu-gcc fatal error: stdio.h: No such file or directory

The problem here, it seems, is that you installed the compiler toolchain for the target, but didn't install a standard library for the target. You need a standard C library compiled specifically for your target platform. Either find a pre-compiled from the same place you found the compiler toolchain, or download one and cross-compile using the target toolchain.

When you have a standard C library for the target, use the flag -I (that's uppercase i) to tell the compiler where to find the header files, and the -L flag to tell the linker where to find the libraries, and e.g. -lc (that's the lower-case L) to tell the linker to link with the library. Something like

$ arm-linux-gnu-gcc -I/usr/local/target/include myinit.c -L/usr/local/target/lib -lc

This got fixed for me by installing "arm-none-eabi-newlib"

$ sudo yum install arm-none-eabi-newlib

It contained the required files in the right path.