I believe you should do something along those lines. Note the callback function <code>done</code>.

What the code does, is that it attaches a listener for responses, then clicks the submit button. When a response is received it checks the status code, asserts it, and terminates the test by calling <code>done</code>. 

You might want to have an <code>if</code>-statement that checks that it is the actual response from your form that you are checking in the callback, as the response handler might emit events for other concurrent requests.

<pre><code>it.only('returns a 400 response if email is taken', () =&gt; {
 await page.goto(`${process.env.DOMAIN}/sign-up`)
 await page.waitFor('input[id="Full Name"]')

 await page.type('input[id="Full Name"]', 'Luke Skywalker')
 await page.type('input[id="Email"]', 'LukeSkywalker@voyage.com')
 await page.type('input[id="Password"]', 'LukeSkywalker123', {delay: 100})

 page.on('response', (response) =&gt; {
 if (
 response.request().method === 'POST' &amp;&amp; 
 response.url === `${process.env.USERS_API_DOMAIN}/sessions`) 
 {
 expect(response.status).toEqual(400)
 }
 })

 await page.click('input[type="submit"]', {delay: 1000})
})
</code></pre>

I have not tested the code, but it should give you the right idea.

Edit: Adjusted to reflect what worked out in the end.
 If you need to manipulate the request/response, use <code>page.setRequestInterception(true)</code> and <code>page.on</code>/<code>page.once</code> (as documented).

However, if all you need is to assert something about the response, the simplest and most idiomatic way to do so is with <code>page.waitForResponse</code>:

<pre><code>const updateDashboardResponse = await page.waitForResponse(response =&gt;
 response.url().includes('updateDashboard')
);
expect(updateDashboardResponse.status()).toBe(200);
</code></pre>

This allows test flow to remain linear and avoids ambiguity around closing a test before a <code>page.on</code> handler receives a <code>response</code> event.
 The accepted answer (which was also edited into the question) is incorrect. It introduces a race condition due to a 1 second delay added to the click call. At best, this slows down the <a href="/when-is-a-test-suite-correct-code-example" rel="dofollow">test suite</a> unnecessarily, and at worst it generates false failures should the request take longer than a second to resolve (unlikely if it's mocked, but it doesn't change the fact that the code is unsafe).
Whenever there's a callback in a Jest test case, the correct way to ensure it's been executed and all assertions depending on it firing have been made without adding artificial delays is to call <code>done()</code> from the callback. If there is a throw in the callback that makes <code>done</code> unreachable, call <code>done(error)</code> in the error handler to report the test case failure to Jest.
To do this, you'll need to add <code>done</code> as the parameter to the callback passed to the <code>it</code>, <code>test</code> or <code>only</code> function so that it's available in the block. This allows Jest's test runner to treat the test as asynchronous and not to resolve it until <code>done</code> is called. Without <code>done</code>, the test suite ignores the callback's assertions. <code>async</code>/<code>await</code> doesn't help because it's a separate asynchronous chain than the callback.
You only need to specify <code>done</code> as a parameter or return a promise (<code>async</code> implicitly returns a promise), never both. However, you'd still likely want to use <code>await</code> for Puppeteer library calls rather than <code>then</code>. You can use an <code>async</code> IIFE that eventually fires the <code>done()</code> call when all assertions have fired to get the best of both worlds.
For example,
<pre><code>it.only('returns a 400 response if email is taken', done =&gt; {
 (async () =&gt; {
 page.on('response', response =&gt; {
 if (response.request().method === 'POST' &amp;&amp; 
 response.url === `${process.env.USERS_API_DOMAIN}/sessions`) {
 try { /* try-catch pattern shown for illustration */
 expect(response.status).toEqual(400);
 done();
 } 
 catch (err) {
 done(err);
 }
 }
 }); 
 await page.goto(`${process.env.DOMAIN}/sign-up`);
 await page.waitFor('input[id="Full Name"]');
 await page.type('input[id="Full Name"]', 'Luke Skywalker');
 await page.type('input[id="Email"]', 'LukeSkywalker@voyage.com');
 await page.type('input[id="Password"]', 'LukeSkywalker123', {delay: 100});
 await page.click('input[type="submit"]');
 })();
});
</code></pre>
With this in mind, this answer shows a likely better approach using <code>waitForResponse</code> which lets you skip the callback and <code>done</code> entirely. The callback to <code>waitForResponse</code> is a string URL or function predicate that should return true for the target response that's being waited on:
<pre><code>it.only('returns a 400 response if email is taken', async () =&gt; {
 await page.goto(`${process.env.DOMAIN}/sign-up`);
 await page.waitFor('input[id="Full Name"]');
 await page.type('input[id="Full Name"]', 'Luke Skywalker');
 await page.type('input[id="Email"]', 'LukeSkywalker@voyage.com');
 await page.type('input[id="Password"]', 'LukeSkywalker123', {delay: 100});
 await page.click('input[type="submit"]');
 const response = await page.waitForResponse(response =&gt;
 response.request().method === 'POST' &amp;&amp; 
 response.url === `${process.env.USERS_API_DOMAIN}/sessions`
 );
 expect(response.status).toEqual(400);
});
</code></pre>
I should also mention <code>waitFor</code> is deprecated in favor of <code>waitForSelector</code> in the above snippets and that <code>.url</code> and <code>.method</code> are functions. I haven't verified the above code; it's there to relate to the original post and show the high-level patterns.
<hr>
<h2>Minimal example</h2>
<h3><code>index.html</code></h3>
This is the web page we're testing.
<div class="snippet" data-lang="js" data-hide="false" data-console="true" data-babel="false">
<div class="snippet-code">
<pre><code>&lt;!DOCTYPE html&gt;
&lt;html lang="en"&gt;
 &lt;head&gt;
 &lt;meta charset="utf-8"&gt;
 &lt;/head&gt;
 &lt;body&gt;
 &lt;button&gt;Post&lt;/button&gt;
 &lt;script&gt;
 document
 .querySelector("button")
 .addEventListener("click", e =&gt;
 fetch("https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts", {
 method: "POST",
 body: JSON.stringify({
 title: "foo",
 body: "bar",
 userId: 1,
 }),
 headers: {
 "Content-type": "application/json; charset=UTF-8",
 },
 })
 .then(response =&gt; response.json())
 .then(json =&gt; console.log(json))
 )
 ;
 &lt;/script&gt;
 &lt;/body&gt;
&lt;/html&gt;</code></pre>
</div>
</div>

<h3><code>index.test.js</code> (<code>async</code>/<code>await</code> version):</h3>
<pre><code>describe("index page", () =&gt; {
 it("should respond to POST", async () =&gt; {
 const url = "https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts";
 await page.goto("http://localhost:1234", {waitUntil: "load"});
 await page.click("button");
 const response = await page.waitForResponse(response =&gt;
 response.request().method() === "POST" &amp;&amp;
 response.url() === url
 );
 const expectedBody = {
 body: "bar",
 id: 101,
 title: "foo",
 userId: 1,
 };
 expect(await response.json()).toEqual(expectedBody);
 });
});
</code></pre>
<h3><code>index.test.js</code> (<code>then</code> version):</h3>
<pre><code>describe("index page", () =&gt; {
 it("should respond to POST", () =&gt; {
 const url = "https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts";
 const expectedBody = {
 body: "bar",
 id: 101,
 title: "foo",
 userId: 1,
 };
 return page.goto("http://localhost:1234", {
 waitUntil: "load"
 })
 .then(() =&gt; page.click("button"))
 .then(() =&gt; page.waitForResponse(response =&gt;
 response.request().method() === "POST" &amp;&amp;
 response.url() === url
 ))
 .then(response =&gt; response.json())
 .then(body =&gt; expect(body).toEqual(expectedBody))
 ;
 });
});
</code></pre>
<h3><code>index.test.js</code> (<code>done</code> version):</h3>
<pre><code>describe("index page", () =&gt; {
 it("should respond to POST", done =&gt; {
 (async () =&gt; {
 const url = "https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/posts";
 const expectedBody = {
 body: "bar",
 id: 101,
 title: "foo",
 userId: 1,
 };
 await page.setRequestInterception(true);
 page.on("response", async response =&gt; {
 if (response.request().method() === "POST" &amp;&amp;
 response.url() === url) {
 try {
 const body = await response.json();
 expect(body).toEqual(expectedBody);
 done();
 }
 catch (err) {
 done(err);
 }
 }
 });
 await page.goto("http://localhost:1234", {
 waitUntil: "load"
 });
 page.click("button");
 })();
 });
});
</code></pre>

What is the proper way to capture a HTTP response with Puppeteer?

If your alarm bells are ringing, but the offered position is attractive, then there are ways to check it out without causing problems.

Example: The person who's name is on this invite will have contact information outside this particular email. A <a href="/javascript-regex-for-phone-number-only-code-example" rel="dofollow">phone number</a> or email that you don't get from this email, for example, but from their institution or some such. That way, if the email is not legit you are not going through the channel it has provided. Contact that person using that independent contact info. The approach could be something like so:

<blockquote>
 Hello well-known-person-running-a-conference. I have received this email inviting me to join the PC for well-known-conference. What would be involved? How much time and effort is expected to be required? What other requirements are there?
</blockquote>

Then if the person responds with ready information you can simply decide if the amount of work is acceptable. If they respond with "who are you and how did you get my name?" then possibly the original email is not so legit.
 <blockquote>
 Is that normal, or should that ring some bells?
</blockquote>

It is normal to have

<pre><code>received an e-mail inviting me to join the program committee 
</code></pre>

even better that it is for 

<pre><code>a well-established and renowned conference
</code></pre>

and that it

<pre><code>looks genuine
</code></pre>

Personally, I would have already accepted the invitation.

<blockquote>
 However, I do not directly know the guy writing to me 
</blockquote>

That's normal, you can't know everyone directly. Given that the conference is well-established and renowned, you should expect to find he seems to be a respectable researcher, after I googled his name.

<blockquote>
 [T]he e-mail is not tailored at all on my profile [and] does not specify at all why they chose me
</blockquote>

I'm not surprised, it most likely was automatically generated. Hand-crafting individual PC invitations is time-consuming and not really necessary, IMO.

Should I accept this invitation to conference PC?

To be "consistent" the MRO should satisfy these constraints:

<ol>
<li>If a <a href="/java-when-a-new-class-inherits-from-an-existing-class-what-does-the-new-class-get-code-example" rel="dofollow">class inherits</a> from multiple superclasses, the ones it lists earlier in the superclass list should come earlier in the MRO than the ones it lists later.</li>
<li>Every class in the MRO should come before any of its superclasses.</li>
</ol>

Your proposed hierarchy does not have any possible ordering meeting these constraints. Because Third is defined to inherit from First before Second, First should come before Second in the MRO. But because Second inherits from First, Second should come before First in the MRO. This contradiction cannot be reconciled.

You can read more about the precise method Python uses to compute the MRO, which is called the C3 linearization algorithm.

Why is this an ambiguous MRO?

<main class="_content docs" role="main"><div class="_page _drupal"> <pre class="signature">public <a href="../../class/elementinfomanager/8.1.x">ElementInfoManager</a>::getInfoProperty($type, $property_name, $default = NULL)</pre> Retrieves a single property for the defined <a href="/element-type-is-invalid-react-native-code-example" rel="dofollow">element type</a>. <h3>Parameters</h3> string $type: An element type as defined by an element plugin. string $property_name: The property within the element type that should be returned. $default: (Optional) The value to return if the element type does not specify a value for the property. Defaults to NULL. <h3>Return value</h3> string The <a href="/javascript-replace-object-by-property-value-in-js-code-example" rel="dofollow">property value</a> of the defined element type. Or the provided default value, which can be NULL. Overrides <a href="../../../core-lib-drupal-core-render-elementinfomanagerinterface.php/function/elementinfomanagerinterface-getinfoproperty/8.1.x">ElementInfoManagerInterface::getInfoProperty</a> <h3>File</h3>
<dl> <dt>core/lib/Drupal/Core/Render/<a href="https://api.drupal.org/api/drupal/core%21lib%21Drupal%21Core%21Render%21ElementInfoManager.php/8.1.x" rel="noreferrer noopener">ElementInfoManager.php</a>, line 86</dt> </dl> <h3>Class</h3>
<dl> <dt>
<a href="../../class/elementinfomanager/8.1.x">ElementInfoManager</a> </dt> <dd>Provides a plugin manager for element plugins.</dd> </dl> <h3>Namespace</h3> <a href="https://api.drupal.org/api/drupal/namespace/Drupal%21Core%21Render/8.1.x" rel="noreferrer noopener">Drupal\Core\Render</a> <h3>Code</h3> <pre class="php language-php" data-language="php">public function getInfoProperty($type, $property_name, $default = NULL) {
 $info = $this-&gt;getInfo($type);

 return isset($info[$property_name]) ? $info[$property_name] : $default;
}
</pre>
</div></main>

Drupal ElementInfoManager::getInfoProperty

Find php.ini and add the <a href="/shell-how-to-add-the-following-line-of-code-to-your-bash-profile-file-code-example" rel="dofollow">following line</a> to the xdebug section. 

<pre><code>xdebug.remote_cookie_expire_time = 3600
</code></pre>

The number is the time in seconds for the cookie to remain active, which defaults to 3600 (1 hour). I set it to 36000 (10 hours), which works fine and encourages me to restart the process occasionally to free memory. You can set it to 0 (unlimited) if you want, although I found that caused odd freezes here and there.

Remember to restart Apache for the change to kick in.
 This is probably related to your Apache-Configuration.

The probable cause is a configured timeout that defines after what period of time the server ends the process if nothing happens ... makes sense usually, but when debugging you might be just busy taking a look at something.

My setup is somewhat different from yours but maybe I can help you.

In the apache-folder /sites-available are located the files that configure your domain-related virtual hosts. Within the -Tags of your Domain and protocol I put

<pre><code>&lt;IfModule mod_fcgid.c&gt;
 AddHandler fcgid-script .fcgi
 IdleTimeout 300
 IPCConnectTimeout 20
 IPCCommTimeout 120
 IdleScanInterval 120
&lt;/IfModule&gt;
</code></pre>

That increased in my case the available period of time until the timeout would be triggered from 40 to 120 seconds.

Then (of course) restart your apache.

Maybe that helps.

Why does my Netbeans Xdebug session timeout after period of inactivity

A transformer is a transformer whether intended for current sensing use or power conversion use. All transformers work on the same principle.

However, there is considerable latitude in various parameters when designing a transformer. These different tradeoffs give the transformer different characteristics and therefore make it suitable for different applications.

A current sense transformer is optimized to have small primary impedance so as to minimize the <a href="/how-to-prevent-a-voltage-drop-when-a-motor-turns-on" rel="dofollow">voltage drop</a> in the line it is intended to measure current in. The secondary is also intended to be connected to a low resistance. This reflects a lower impedance to the primary. The transformer is run primarily in short-circuit output mode. Note that little power is transferred thru the transformer. Energy is taken from the magnetic field by the secondary almost as soon as it is put there by the primary. As a result, the core can be small since it never has to hold much energy at any one time.

A power transformer has a different purpose, which is to transfer power from the primary to the secondary. Sometimes they are just for isolation, but often it is also to get a different combination of voltage and current on the output than the input. To get power, you need both voltage and current, which means the transformer needs to be operated somehwere between short <a href="/java-design-a-code-converter-circuit-to-convert-bcd-to-8-4-2-1-analyze-the-circuit-output-for-the-dont-care-inputs-code-example" rel="dofollow">circuit output</a> where there is no voltage and open circuit output where there is no current. Generally power transformers are designed so that the secondary looks reasonably low impedance and therefore it's voltage doesn't sag too much at the rated power output. They also have to behave reasonably with light load or no load, meaning the open circuit case. Again you want low impedance so that the voltage in the light load case is not too different from the full load case. This type of transformer has to be able to handle larger energy in the magnetic field. This means a physically larger and therfore heavier core.
 The difference is not in the phisical principle, just in the usage.
The power transformer is used to convert voltage using the number of windings in the two coils as ratio, while the current transformer is just an inductor placed around a wire to sense the magnetic field caused by the changing current. So you use it to measure the (AC) current without breaking the circuit.
But both the <a href="/when-where-to-open-and-close-a-transformers-output" rel="dofollow">transformers output</a> a voltage, basically, which is given by Faraday's induction law. The difference is that the power transformer is voltage driven, and the current is determined by the load on the other winding.
<h3>Update for comment</h3>
The transformer's principle is that a changing current will induce a magnetic field, and the magnetic field induces a voltage. Then there is Ohm's law, which implies that for a voltage applied to a load, you have a current proportional to the load's resistance.
If you put them together, you have an infinite loop in which the current in the load has an influence on the magnetic field that generates the voltage on the load itself. That's how the current in the primary of the Power Transformer is determined.
About the current transformer, you want the biggest possible load to avoid a significant current flowing in it, because it generates that feedback effect.
 Simple summary:

A current transformer is a "normal" (voltage in):(voltage out) transformer that is optimised for a special task. 

A current transformer is ALWAYS operated with a defined load resistor. 

A constant K is able to be calculated based on load resistor and turns ratio such that 
 Iin = Vout x k. See below for details. 
 So Iin can be determined by measuring Vout.

<hr>

Despite the name, a current transformer works according to the standard transformer related equations (ignoring non idealities such as winding resistance). The primary is usually effectively a single turn, produced by running a wire carrying the circuit to be measured through the core. : 

<ul>
<li>Vout = Vin x Turns_Out/Turns_In ...... (1)</li>
</ul>

Turns in = primary turn or turns. 
 Turns out = secondary turns. 
 Define Turns ratio = TR = Turns_out/Turns_in

<ul>
<li>Vin x Iin = Vout x Iout ...... (2)</li>
<li>Iin = Iout x Vout/Vin ...... (3) = rearrangement of (2)</li>
</ul>

BUT if we have a resistive load = Rout then 

<ul>
<li>Iout = Vout/Rload ...... (4)</li>
</ul>

So

<ul>
<li>Iin = Vout/Rload x Turns_out/Turns_in ...... (5) - combination of 1, 3, 4 above. 
or</li>
<li>Iin = Vout x TR/RLoad ...... (5b) 

(So Vout = Iin x Rl / TR) ...... (5c)</li>
</ul>

For a given Rload and given turns ratio TR/Rload is a constant = K say so

- Iin = Vout x K ...... (6) &lt;- target result

So for a given load we can determine Iin from Vout multiplied by a constant.

Some current transformers have Rout included as part of the assembly. 
 Some CTs need Rout added. 
 Failure to add an Rout gives Vout = very very very big, but usually not for long. 

Usually the input "winding" is a single turn or a wire passing through the core. Using multiple turns or looping a wire carrying the target current through the core several times decreases the turns ratio - so (see 5c) Vout drops.

Iout as to be such that the core does not saturate and operates as linearly as possible to Rl and thus Vout may not be "too large". Max Rl and/or Vout are specified by the manufacturer.

Difference between current transformers and power transformers

<blockquote>
 How do I remove my personal data in the encrypted thumb drive? ... I have forgotten the password … unrecognised device
</blockquote>

Crush it to small particles using a large hammer then buy your employer a new one (or ask them to deduct the replacement cost from your wages).

It is always a mistake to store personal data on the property of someone who you do not (or in future might not) wish to have access to your personal data.

<hr>

A note on overwriting USB devices that use Flash memory.

Formatting any kind of storage device does not completely destroy data, it normally just recreates the filesystem structures without affecting much of the data contents.

For a hard disk, overwriting every data sector once with zeroes (or any character/octet) is sufficient to erase data. However this does not apply to flash-memory based devices such as typical USB memory sticks.

Flash memory devices use a concept known as wear-levelling, this means that some areas of storage will be rotated out of use and will not normally be accessible when using normal filesystem operations like writing a file. This makes erasing these devices more complicated. You need to make sure that any erasure tool you use is designed to work with devices that use wear-levelling.

<hr>

A note on encrypted <a href="/shell-create-bootable-usb-drives-ubuntu-code-example" rel="dofollow">USB drives</a>

I have an old Sandisk Cruzer device that uses the infamous U3 encryption system. When you first plug this in, all your computer sees is a small "CD-ROM" device that contains the U3 software and an autorun file. The encrypted data is in a non-visible "device" that the computer cannot see.

Only when you enter the password into the U3 software does the software make the encrypted device visible to the computer - which then assigns it a separate drive-letter (in the case of Windows) to that assigned to the pseudo-CD-ROM.

So if you don't enter the password, your computer cannot see the encrypted storage at all. Therefore no recovery/formatting/overwriting software can help.

U3 has some security weaknesses which allow you to bypass the password (Google will find this) but it is likely your device is better than U3.

<hr>

A note on corporate USB drives.

Large serious companies that take security seriously are likely to purchase devices that can be centrally managed. Part of this is making provision for lost passwords by having a separate administrative password that can allow an administrator to regain full access to a device where the user's personal password has been lost.

This means that, just because you have forgotten the password, it doesn't mean a corporate administrator can't gain access to the data secured on the device.

<hr>

A note on professionalism.

I would give some consideration to explaining the situation to your employer and working with them to resolve the issue to mutual satisfaction. This would be the "right" thing to do.

However, having stored personal data on a corporate resource, I sense that you are now looking for a solution that doesn't take corporate ethics and professionalism as a key point of reference.

<hr>

A note about Rottweilers.

All in all, someone might regard it as a <strike>lucky blessing</strike> unfortunate minor disaster if their sister's Rottweiler chewed the device up and crushed the storage chips inside before they could rescue it. Make sure that doesn't happen to you.

If that happened to me, I'd offer to pay my employer the costs (hardware and administrative) to them caused by my foolish carelessness. Taking responsibility for their actions and paying for mistakes is something that adults are expected to do.
 As @jehad mentioned, use gparted utility. It is an open-source utility for disk managment, supporting a bunch of file systems.

You didn't mention what OS are you using — for most of them you can get it with package manager. Otherwise, you can download Live CD, burn it to a disk, and boot from it.

There's a few possible ways to get rid of the data — one of them is to just remove the partition with gparted, and create a new empty one. Note, that theoretically it is still possible to restore the data, in this case you can use something like <code>dd</code> utility, but you have to mention specifically if that's the case.
 Since you're using Windows 10, you might be able to use DiskPart, depending on how the encryption works. If the flash drive doesn't even present the encrypted partition's storage space to the OS without unlocking it via some special low-level mechanism, then the only thing you can do is physical destruction, but this might help somebody:

<ol>
<li>Run <code>diskpart</code>.</li>
<li>Type <code>list disk</code> to see the disks available to Windows.</li>
<li>Type <code>select disk N</code>, where <code>N</code> is the number of the flash drive, e.g. <code>select disk 2</code> if it was listed as <code>Disk 2</code> in the previous step. Danger! Be very careful that you get the right drive, otherwise you'll blow away something important in the next step.</li>
<li>Type <code>clean all</code> to scribble over every sector of the drive with zeroes. If your data destroyer can handle the drive now, you can stop following these steps. If it needs a normal volume, read on.</li>
<li>Do <code>list disk</code> again to see the amount of free space the drive now has.</li>
<li>Run <code>create partition primary size=N</code> where <code>N</code> is the free space in megabytes.</li>
<li>Type <code>list partition</code> to see the ID of the new partition (it's probably <code>1</code>).</li>
<li>Type <code>select partition N</code> where <code>N</code> is the partition number you just got.</li>
<li>Type <code>format fs=ntfs quick</code> to create a new NTFS volume.</li>
<li>Exit DiskPart with <code>exit</code>.</li>
<li>Use your data destroyer of choice to obliterate any chance of recovering the data that was under the space now occupied by this new partition.</li>
</ol>

How do I wipe an encrypted USB flash drive?

Create your shortcut and then right click to get the properties dialog and set the "Start in:" property to be your folder.

<img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/rvcI1.png" alt="setting the start folder">

If you are running the shortcut as an administrator you should add your desired path to the target (instead of "start in"), for example:

<pre><code>%windir%\System32\cmd.exe /k cd c:\crp
</code></pre>

or

<pre><code>%windir%\System32\cmd.exe /k pushd c:\crp
</code></pre>

because the "start in" value is ignored when running as administrator (all credits go to @barlop for their answer and @T_D for their comment)
 Or you could just use a <a href="/python-target-string-to-int-python-code-example" rel="dofollow">target string</a> similar to this:

<pre><code>C:\Windows\system32\cmd.exe /k "c: &amp; cd c:\drv\bat"
</code></pre>

Obviously <code>C:\Windows\System32\cmd.exe</code> is to run <code>cmd</code>. The <code>/k</code> carries out the command by string and continues. The string is the <code>"c: &amp; cd c:\drv\bat"</code>. Within the string, the <code>c:</code> just changes the drive letter. The <code>&amp;</code> ties both commands together. And the cd <code>c:\drv\bat</code> is basically a change directory. Also one thing to note, the cd <code>c:\drv\bat</code> should also change drives.
 There's more than one way to skin this cat, for sure.

<hr>

A <a href="/git-commit-and-push-via-batch-file-on-windows" rel="dofollow">batch file</a> could also do it for you. This will start you off in the Program Files directory on the C drive:

<pre><code>@ECHO OFF
CD /D "C:\Program Files\"
CMD
</code></pre>

Especially make sure to use the <code>/D</code> switch, if you're changing to a different drive than where CMD normally starts you.

<hr>

The Open Command Window Here PowerToy for Windows XP is also rather handy for going straight from an Explorer session, into a CMD console at a certain directory. 

<hr>

You can use the AutoRun string value in one of the following Registry keys, to essentially automate the above for all CMD sessions.

For your account only:

<pre><code>HKCU\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Command Processor\
</code></pre>

For all users on this machine:

<pre><code>HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Command Processor\
</code></pre>

If the AutoRun value doesn't exist, create it as a REG_SZ type (also known as String Value). For Data, you can either put the path to a batch file like the one above (remove the ECHO and CMD lines) or just insert the CD command as shown in the above example.

The up-side of pointing the Registry to a batch file, instead of just adding the command, is that you can add in as many AutoRun commands as you like to the batch file. This way you can <a href="/java-create-custom-dialog-adnroid-code-example" rel="dofollow">create custom</a> prompt formats or script other tasks you want done at every launch of CMD.

One thing to keep in mind if you make these Registry changes though, is that they may affect the behavior of other batch files. Particularly, batch files may find themselves not starting in the directory they were originally written for.

As always, backup your Registry before making any untested changes.

Shortcut to command prompt pointing to specific folder

First, consider the positive and negative charges in your moving wire. Since they are moving in a (obviously non-conservative) magnetic field, they experience Lorentz's force $q \ \mathbf{v} \times \mathbf{B}$ which is, in your picture, upwards for positive (and downwards for negative) charges. So they will be accelerated in exactly the same way (for whatever movement your wire gets) as if they were experiencing the electric field that you could calculate using the flux integral variation.

On the other hand, by changing to a moving reference frame, you transform any magnetic field into an electric field - and vice versa (Lorentz transformation). So, in a frame moving with the wire you see the magnetic field as a non-conservative electric field, and this E field accelerates your charges. That's what creates the current in your circuit.

Of course, after a short transient phase where your charges accelerate, you get (because of collisions) a constant current - that's basic Ohm's law here.

And the important point is, whatever your point of view, you will always find the exact same motion for the charges.

Now, neither the magnetic field nor the electric field that appears in the <a href="/how-to-make-the-moving-frame-in-infite-loop-code-example" rel="dofollow">moving frame</a> are conservative (the latter does not appear from Coulomb's law, which in this case states $\nabla \cdot E=0$, but from induction)

Non-conservative electric fields due to changing magnetic flux?

usage:

<pre><code>&lt;controls:EnhancedButton Padding="1,2,3,4"/&gt;
</code></pre>

advantages:

<ul>
<li>no nasty sideeffects</li>
<li>no problem with alignments</li>
<li>no viewtree uglyness</li>
<li>no view depth incrementation</li>
</ul>



ios:

<pre><code>[assembly: ExportRenderer(typeof(EnhancedButton), typeof(EnhancedButtonRenderer))]
namespace YOURNAMESPACE.iOS
{
 public class EnhancedButtonRenderer : ButtonRenderer
 {
 protected override void OnElementChanged(ElementChangedEventArgs&lt;Button&gt; e)
 {
 base.OnElementChanged(e);
 UpdatePadding();
 }

 private void UpdatePadding()
 {
 var element = this.Element as EnhancedButton;
 if (element != null)
 {
 this.Control.ContentEdgeInsets = new UIEdgeInsets(

 (int)element.Padding.Top,
 (int)element.Padding.Left,
 (int)element.Padding.Bottom,
 (int)element.Padding.Right
 );
 }
 }

 protected override void OnElementPropertyChanged(object sender, PropertyChangedEventArgs e)
 {
 base.OnElementPropertyChanged(sender, e);
 if (e.PropertyName == nameof(EnhancedButton.Padding))
 {
 UpdatePadding();
 }
 }
 }
}
</code></pre>

android:

<pre><code>[assembly: ExportRenderer(typeof(EnhancedButton), typeof(EnhancedButtonRenderer))]
namespace YOURNAMESPACE.Droid
{
 public class EnhancedButtonRenderer : ButtonRenderer
 {
 protected override void OnElementChanged(ElementChangedEventArgs&lt;Button&gt; e)
 {
 base.OnElementChanged(e);
 UpdatePadding();
 }

 private void UpdatePadding()
 {
 var element = this.Element as EnhancedButton;
 if (element != null)
 {
 this.Control.SetPadding(
 (int)element.Padding.Left,
 (int)element.Padding.Top,
 (int)element.Padding.Right, 
 (int)element.Padding.Bottom
 );
 }
 }

 protected override void OnElementPropertyChanged(object sender, PropertyChangedEventArgs e)
 {
 base.OnElementPropertyChanged(sender, e);
 if (e.PropertyName == nameof(EnhancedButton.Padding))
 {
 UpdatePadding();
 }
 }
 }
}
</code></pre>

pcl:

<pre><code>public class EnhancedButton : Button
{
 #region Padding 

 public static BindableProperty PaddingProperty = BindableProperty.Create(nameof(Padding), typeof(Thickness), typeof(EnhancedButton), default(Thickness), defaultBindingMode:BindingMode.OneWay);

 public Thickness Padding
 {
 get { return (Thickness) GetValue(PaddingProperty); }
 set { SetValue(PaddingProperty, value); }
 }

 #endregion Padding
}
</code></pre>

<h2>Solution using effects instead of renderers, to allow easy usage for more than one control:</h2>

XAML:

<pre><code>&lt;Label Text="Welcome to Xamarin.Forms!" BackgroundColor="Red"&gt;
 &lt;Label.Effects&gt;
 &lt;xamTest:PaddingEffect Padding="20,40,20,40"&gt;&lt;/xamTest:PaddingEffect&gt;
 &lt;/Label.Effects&gt;
&lt;/Label&gt;
</code></pre>

PCL:

<pre><code>[assembly: ResolutionGroupName("ComponentName")]
namespace XamTest
{
 public class PaddingEffect : RoutingEffect
 {
 /// &lt;inheritdoc /&gt;
 protected PaddingEffect(string effectId) : base($"ComponentName.{nameof(PaddingEffect)}")
 {
 }

 public Thickness Padding { get; set; }
 }
}
</code></pre>

Android:

<pre><code>[assembly: ResolutionGroupName("ComponentName")]
[assembly: ExportEffect(typeof(XamTest.Droid.PaddingEffect), "PaddingEffect")]
namespace XamTest.Droid
{
 public class PaddingEffect : PlatformEffect
 {
 /// &lt;inheritdoc /&gt;
 protected override void OnAttached()
 {
 if (this.Control != null)
 {
 var firstMatch = this.Element.Effects.FirstOrDefault(d =&gt; d is XamTest.PaddingEffect);
 if (firstMatch is XamTest.PaddingEffect effect)
 {
 this.Control.SetPadding((int)effect.Padding.Left, (int)effect.Padding.Top, (int)effect.Padding.Right, (int)effect.Padding.Bottom);
 }
 }
 }

 /// &lt;inheritdoc /&gt;
 protected override void OnDetached()
 {
 }
 }
}
</code></pre>
 Update:

Padding has been added to the XF Button control in Xamarin.Forms v3.2+

<pre><code>&lt;Button Padding="10,20,10,20" /&gt;
</code></pre>

Old:

The best way to do it would be to increase the size of the button.

Then align the text as you see fit. Unfortunately it is about the best you can do. It works well if you have your <a href="/how-to-put-text-center-with-bootstrap-code-example" rel="dofollow">text center</a> aligned. Not so much if its left or right aligned.
 you can wrap your button in a StackLayout and add padding to the StackLayout

<pre><code> &lt;StackLayout Padding="10,10,10,10"&gt;
 &lt;Button Text="Cancel" BackgroundColor="#3079a8" TextColor="White" /&gt;
 &lt;/StackLayout&gt;
</code></pre>

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